solar heat gain factor table

Most insulating glass units in windows sold in USA are closer to SGHC=0.3 for avoiding excess solar gains in summer. 0000050463 00000 n 0000030815 00000 n 2279 0 obj <>stream Worth remembering that those early-'80's houses are one of the main reasons we are having such fruitful discussions today! 0000008611 00000 n Table 2 lists solar gain data for the 22 northern U.S. cities. This is a huge house over 10,000 sq ft with 1300 sq ft of double glaze windows. The lower the SHGC, the less solar heat it transmits and the greater its shading ability. If you divide by 0.87 (the coefficient for 1/8-inch clear glass), you get the shading coefficient you need to calculate solar heat gain. 0000036017 00000 n 0000058284 00000 n 0000051214 00000 n [8], A conversion from SC to SHGC is not necessarily straightforward, as they each take into account different heat transfer mechanisms and paths (window assembly vs. glass-only). The higher the number, the more light transmitted without adding excessive amounts of heat. The lower the For a classic direct-gain passive solar design with a south-facing window wall paired with thermal mass, the answer seems to be no or not easily. Five cloudy days in a row is not unusual for New England, for example. >> 0000039839 00000 n The designer should distinguish between the maximum solar load on a surface which is important for load calculations against an average value that the surface experi-ences. I have not been able to find glass at local Vermont suppliers with both low U values and high SHGC. endstream endobj startxref Column 8 computes an index of how cost-effective or how valuable solar heat gains can be for a location. 0000034703 00000 n /TT6 17 0 R %%EOF One of the best I've read here. 0000009623 00000 n 143 0 obj <> endobj Similar for west or east-facing windows, except later or earlier in the day, respectively. Again, it would reflect off the floor and other surfaces to diffuse the light. 0000047632 00000 n 0000022435 00000 n OR. The higher its solar transmittance or solar heat gain coefficient, the better a glazing is for solar heating use. _________________________________________________________________________. 0000030287 00000 n Appendix D, Degree Day and Design Temperatures. VT is expressed as a number , 5. 0000026274 00000 n ) I did heat loss, air infiltration, solar gain, and hourly interior temperature calculations for the home pictured (using pencil and paper, before the days when home computers were available). The complete source for building, designing, and remodeling green homes. 0000052866 00000 n The window projection factor shall be . The smaller amount of heating needed for space heating in high-performance homes makes more costly or elaborate heating systems no longer cost-effective or necessary. Denver is the best location for wintertime daylighting, for using solar heat gain for space heating, and for PV. Climate zone temperatures are important, as are available solar heat gains and utility prices. So you could have a solar-tempered interior with tile or wood floors over wood frame construction, but not fully passive solar, unless you also have other significant thermal mass elsewhere. North windows would be most desirable in cooling-dominated climates, or during hot summer periods anywhere in the U.S. but not during the cold and darker winters of northern U.S. locations. To remain as Energy Star products, manufacturers had to either make changes to their effected products or lose the rating altogether. The question-and-answer article above, quotes-from, updates, and comments an original article from Solar Age Magazine and written by Steven Bliss. In Table 2, it was noted that north-facing windows are always a net BTU loss, since heat losses exceed the meager solar heat gains for all 22 cities. Same for east or west-facing windows, early or late in the day, respectively. 0000051730 00000 n In the summer, that afternoon heat gain typically is undesirable. Many computer programs make the job easier by calculating solar heat gain for you. The upstairs solar-tempered rooms only needed supplementary heating on the coldest nights (about one-third of mid-winter nights). 0000051467 00000 n 0000011015 00000 n But, how to deal with glare? There is so little solar heat gain through all windows in Anchorage in January (and such large heat losses), that heat losses far exceed the gains, even for south-facing windows. FIND A DEALER. 0000053637 00000 n It differs from active solar heating which uses exterior water tanks with pumps to absorb solar energy because passive solar systems do not require energy for pumping and store heat directly in structures and finishes of occupied space.[12]. 0000046325 00000 n Locations that lack significant net solar heat gain, or that require a lot of wintertime heating, score lower on this index. This is covered in the U-Factor article, but it is worth mentioning because it also impacted the solar heat gain coefficient for the Northern Zone. . >> The SHGC is the measurement of how much radiant heat, or heat produced by the sun, comes in through a window. 0000055691 00000 n Gases are added between the layers of glazing to further increase insulation, the gases are heavier than air, making it less likely air will penetrate the glazing. A new, affordable but well-insulated window (with cellular blinds used at night) would attain values similar to those listed in the table. 0000023459 00000 n Average January temperature (F), the coldest month of the year. 0000013076 00000 n If the TV were on the same wall, next to a south window around noontime mid-winter, the light from the window would be likely be much brighter than your TV or computer screen. So for a traditional Cape style home, the small overhang doesn't shade the windows much in any season. 0000037104 00000 n Note that south-facing windows typically have solar heat gains (column 3) at least double the heat losses (column 8). /MC0 Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable EnergyForrestal Building1000 Independence Avenue, SWWashington, DC 20585, Fuel Efficient & Alternative Fuel Vehicles, Independently Tested and Certified Energy Performance for Windows, Doors, and Skylights, Energy Performance Ratings for Windows, Doors, and Skylights, Direct conduction and convection heat transfer through the glass or multi-layer glazing and framing, Thermal radiation into a house and out of a house from room-temperature objects, such as exterior walls and windows, people, equipment, furniture, and interior walls, The solar radiation into a house, which is converted to heat when absorbed by building surfaces. A Contrarian View of Passive Solar Design, GBA Prime Sneak Peek: Reassessing Passive Solar Design Principles. Glare can be an issue for south-facing window walls around noontime during the winter, for west-facing windows late in the day (especially during summer), and for east-facing windows in summer. 0000026490 00000 n He was a psychology professor for five years, and a software and web site usability and design engineer for 20 years. Map. Adjustable awnings, curtains, window shades, exterior shutters, or even deciduous trees, or other shading methods, can provide more flexible and more complete shading than a fixed roof overhang. Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, and Midwestern cities would not be good candidates to rely on wintertime solar heating. E I think these recommendations are a mistake, as that high contrast of dark floor and white ceiling and walls adds to the perception of glare. 0000036575 00000 n The sun rises in the east, goes overhead, then sets in the west, with little sunlight directly striking a south-facing wall or window. 0000029773 00000 n Passive solar design is a key element of creating resilient homes, Cold-climate glazing is surprisingly hard to find. 0000058680 00000 n 0000059249 00000 n Fortunately, retailers will tailor their stock to homes in your area. is the spectral transmittance at a given wavelength in nanometers and I don't ever remember using shades to reduce glare or overheating during the winter. /BleedBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] glazing has an SHGC of about .75 versus .60 to .70 for Be sure to read the article on u-factor as well, as it is closely related to energy efficiency in windows. Low-emissivity coating is another more recently developed option that offers greater specificity in the wavelengths reflected and re-emitted. = = into a home or building through a product. Note that the photo at the top of the page shows a passive solar house from 1982. I used Google Sketchup, the free version, to roughly model shadows on my soon to be built house. - Jeff Pendl, Enervision, Cincinnati OH. 0000034811 00000 n The lower the SHGC, the better 0000033574 00000 n The SHGC of the shaded vertical fenestration in the proposed building is permitted to then be reduced by using the multipliers in Table 5.5.4.4.1 for each fenestration product. Solar heat gain is calculated with the solar shading coefficient and the solar heat gain factor (not to be confused with the solar heat gain coefficient - see below). Will be adding solar panels on our large south facing roof when our city, state and utility stop punishing those with a solar tax who have. Overall, it is best to take your time, build your knowledge, and scrutinize each portion of the process and product when choosing new replacement windows. 0000047743 00000 n In practice though, most g-values will range between 0.2 and 0.7, with solar control glazing having a g-value of less than 0.5. 0000042551 00000 n 0000028911 00000 n 0000028440 00000 n What about glare? 0000060877 00000 n 0000038693 00000 n If not, how can I find a better alternative at a reasonable price? The home show in the photo used ceramic floor tile which varied in color but overall was a coffee color. ) The first five columns list each month of the year, and the daily solar heat gain per square foot of window glazing for windows facing south, north, and east, or west , and the average heat gain over the four window directions. This quantity includes both energy that is transmitted directly through the glass as well as energy that is absorbed by the glass and frame and re-radiated into the space, and is given by the following equation:[4], F A SHGC of 0.39 would be considered low-solar-gain glazing, not high-solar-gain glazing. (17) Cities and towns can promote energy efficiency and public health by incorporating zoning laws and incentives that provide building lots with south-facing solar access, and protect solar access for existing buildings. As such, the Energy Star Factors are as follows: When windows are rated for heat transference, the information may be for: In general, the values for the whole window will appear lower than for the center of the glass readings. n It is a safe bet to buy any material, so long as the overall replacement window is more energy efficient. U-factor (inverse of R-value), which measures the rate of heat losses through that window to the cold outdoors. The shading coefficient (SC) is a measure of the radiative thermal performance of a glass unit (panel or window) in a building. 0000050787 00000 n Malcolm. Solar gain (also known as solar heat gain or passive solar gain) is the increase in thermal energy of a space, object or structure as it absorbs incident solar radiation. In direct solar gain systems, the composition and coating of the building glazing can also be manipulated to increase the greenhouse effect by optimizing their radiation properties, while their size, position, and shading can be used to optimize solar gain. For more information about SHGC and windows, see. September 1st/March 1st modelling revealed modest exposure as the sun has dropped enough to negate most of the overhang benefit. 0000059089 00000 n 0000056639 00000 n The lower the U-Factor, the better the window insulates. 0000060198 00000 n The SHGC measures how much of the sun's heat comes through the window. xSmHSQ~f:MLQBBQ20 XJ 0000025214 00000 n (7) East-facing windows provide sunlight early in the morning when a house interior is the coolest, so they are more useful than west-facing windows. Average daily solar heat gain per square foot of south-facing window glass in January. We pull tight insulating shades over the windows in the evening to reduce heat loss. 0000021486 00000 n /Parent 25 0 R /Rotate 0 This label displays AL in U.S. units. 3Lg !+P&U|,8| >kIoszd\p 5:X[KE]MmxHYnpmxq {BW5y.%LY^z#YeSl|]MO_-hl{b~S6y}-/O)@tHT;qZGw~Ny4{}ihda):Gu")17EXZ}s_S: ZFa|gGU=r 2$$4!&xL'`ewL ($2BLrP+Q(Iq(zj%I)%Y0T4"\2%r(D%;X%KnG;]YB#mc*AwQ}~%J@`c*KbQem&ek.ck)5F^nV_ To maximize wintertime interior daylighting and solar heat gains, south windows should be larger in size or in number than windows facing other directions. Varying window sizes and numbers can increase or decrease solar gains and heat losses to affect overall energy performance. We don't have extensive open space, placing furniture near windows and glass doors. 0000059851 00000 n However, if shades are needed to reduce overheating mid-winter, likely there's a design error of over-glazing with west or south-facing windows. Cities in the table are listed in descending order of their mid-winter solar heat gain. /CS0 8 0 R These tables give the solar data needed for designing an air conditioning system by either the traditional hand- calculating procedures or digital computer techniques. This energy performance rating isn't always provided. 0000040295 00000 n As indicated in the chart below, the EPA recommends . -- Buildings are considered "solar tempered" if they provide enough wintertime solar heat gain to keep the building's interior warm during sunny days. 0000029142 00000 n Finally, Anchorage, Alaska, along the far northern Pacific coast, with by far the lowest solar heat gain. Our property has some young-ish maples that are already 30' tall and are perfect for transplanting into the exact spot that we need to maximise winter gains and reduce summer gains. 0000038260 00000 n 0000010013 00000 n 0000027631 00000 n The solar transmittance of a window glazing or window is the percentage of visible and near-infrared light that passes directly through a window. 0000046212 00000 n At What Point Is It Worth Replacing Windows? /Thumb 2 0 R / This simple computation provides a metric to rate locations for the value or cost-effectiveness of passive solar or solar tempered winter space heating. 0000036216 00000 n 0000047288 00000 n Balcomb, J.Douglas, editor. /ArtBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Solar heat gain (SHG) describes the way radiation from the sun is turned into heat. Unfortunately, whatever shading is caused by these roof overhangs also causes just as much shading on April 21st (two months before June 21st) as two months after (August 21st). The heat gain through a wall or roof in summer is: . To optimize the heat gain through windows heavily insulated shutters will change all the numbers. The amount of solar gain a space experiences is a function of the total incident solar irradiance and of the ability of any intervening material to transmit or resist the radiation. How do you optimize this shading in a more so sophisticated way that the common arc diagram? 0000057247 00000 n 0000021997 00000 n Is this really necessary? Table 1 lists 22 northern U.S. cities. /CS1 7 0 R 0000034462 00000 n 0000038387 00000 n 0000031018 00000 n Note that east- and west-facing glazing provide an equal amount of solar heat gain, but east gains mostly in the morning, and west mostly in the afternoon. U-Factor and the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SGHC). h)u^Si!vr:(q;}xH)\@|&u$y?Cm_Sk5a4iiARd(q-tc:Ng^*,,eH%Gk(SX~w X%l0As6_L t 5i f5=P8E UUn vmSfoB`F(a\N`! w]T,&hX#XXJ Xo7Jj%I:hL$^B;4DC{=.! Sitemap | YZR$%s)Gp9y} X<~ea 0000009779 00000 n Comparable data was not readily available for Canada or Europe, and limits on the length of the article and readable table size limited the cities listed. Only 22 cities are examined, and only in the northern U.S. In passive solar and solar-tempered homes, typically there are more or larger windows facing south, and fewer or smaller windows facing other directions. 0000037935 00000 n ( December 21st there is no shading from overhangs. Will there be sun in the eyes of people sitting on the north side of the table during winter? Shading Coefficient (SC) SHADING COEFFICIENT (SC) is the ratio of the solar heat gain through a fenestration product to the solar heat gain through an unshaded 1/8-inch-thick clear double strength glass under the same set of conditions. 0000011862 00000 n Winter temperatures and cloudiness are major determinants of the potential and the cost-effectiveness of exploiting solar heat gain for space heating. This allows glass to block mainly short-wave infrared radiation without greatly reducing visible transmittance.[3]. Fortunately, these days, thermal breaks which are small pieces of plastic, are built into the window frame, to "break" the conductivity, and therefore do a better job of insulating by disrupting the heat transfer through the frame material. /TT3 20 0 R Thirty-five years ago, I designed and built a classic passive solar home in Colorado. 643 350 0000043195 00000 n Use our Energy Star climate zone tool to look up the specific combinations of u factor and solar heat gain coefficient for the county you live in. , For January solar heat gain from south-facing windows, the highest numbers are triple the lowest. Being in a solar home definitely cures the winter blues and Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). UA Table = (U-factor from Table C402.1.4 or C402.4) x Area B = Sum of the (FL Dif) values for each distinct slab on grade perimeter condition of the building thermal . Shading analysis of the building site's landscaping and adjacent buildings is critically important. 0000060552 00000 n However, I did have problems with too much solar heat gain from west-facing windows during hot summer days. ( Objects struck by sunlight absorb its visible and short-wave infrared components, increase in temperature, and then re-radiate that heat at longer infrared wavelengths. 0000025994 00000 n Table 3 shows the net solar gain and value of solar gains in northern U.S. cities. Be sure to educate yourself and to work with a professional installer for your project. Would seem 'Damn the torpedoes, full steam ahead' to catastrophic Global Warming. For those trying to figure out directions and overhang sizes and angles, the best tool is the Solar Pathfinder and many new apps like that which show all angles and azimuths of the sun for any location throughout every day of the year. In essence SC is an index of the effective solar rejection performance of a given glass type. In June, the sun is closer to overhead at noon, so south windows have far less solar heat gain. Tables 4 and 5 show the re-ordered lists. The trapped heat thus causes solar gain via a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. 0000027129 00000 n Get building science and energy efficiency advice, plus special offers, in your inbox. /GS2 4 0 R Thermal mass may be used to even out the fluctuations during the day, and to some extent between days. 0000056381 00000 n When the sun's rays hit an object, such as a window, some of the sun's energy is absorbed, warming that object, and allowed to pass through. n For east- and west-facing windows, overhangs are not particularly effective in preventing unwanted heat gain. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC] [I notice that after I wrote this response, you edited your comment, changing "high U-value" to "low U-value." That makes more sense.]. Daylighting is good, and solar heat gain is good in winter and not good in the hot summer. The further north, the greater the percentage of gain from the south-facing windows vs. other directions during mid-winter. startxref 0000009857 00000 n + endstream endobj 701 0 obj<> endobj 702 0 obj<> endobj 703 0 obj<>stream NFRC is so well-trusted that its testing results inform Energy STAR ratings. Passive Solar Buildings. The overall solar energy gain is expressed by the solar gain factor g and is given by [Fig. For example, If my living/dining/kitchen open space is taking up the whole south facing side of the house, where do I put the TV? =J04pajo/7iv}F1&04 kkAVF/n0 Table 2 lists solar gain data for the 22 northern U.S. cities. The Climate Zone 5 site has 5,600 heating degree days. /Fm0 11 0 R ( Unless I'm mistaken, the house has interior shades or curtains, and these are in use for many of the south-facing windows. 0000053260 00000 n Because of this, the most common metrics for quantifying solar gain are used as a standard way of reporting the thermal properties of window assemblies. -- Seasonally, the coldest temps of winter, and the hottest temps of summer, lag the sun's seasonal changes in path and intensity. Argon filled would be affordable and add about R-1. The other climate zones underwent more stringent Energy Star qualifications that took effect on January 1, 2015. 0000035843 00000 n ;"\ h;; nM"O*]\_n}s54xBb;L";`fJq=.s5?puuus9Eq=7wWT|# LhH{\=vf}+W8?fX'Xgp8=ZHQ-oGA2mN~~k. 0000033945 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n 0000039316 00000 n 0000008689 00000 n Response to Davor Radman 0000022215 00000 n 0000031310 00000 n -Bob Opaluch designed and built a passive solar home in Colorado, renovated two homes in Massachusetts, and has many years of renovation, maintenance, repair, and furniture-building experience. 0 Sustainable By Design by Christopher Gronbeck. Motions of the Sun Simulator 0000018593 00000 n You can maybe start to imagine how you might have different window needs if you are in Texas or Florida as compared with Rhode Island or Massachusetts. 0000029981 00000 n But hey nothing is perfect, so architects and builders could design roof overhangs to reduce summertime overheating. 0000050946 00000 n It's free and doesn't require a download. Used by solar PV installers for the most bang for the buck. /XObject This is quite significant in the design of roofs since dark roofing materials can often be as much as 50 C hotter than the surrounding air temperature, leading to large thermal stresses as well as heat transfer to interior space.[5]. Its no accident that Cape style homes appeared in winter-dominated climate up north; and southern plantation style homes with big windows, big overhangs and wide porches in the cooling dominated climate of the southern US. 0000009935 00000 n If windows get direct sun in mid-winter, solar heat gain might provide the majority of needed space heating energy for a well-insulated, airtight building. In the United States, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)[2] and The National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)[3] maintain standards for the calculation and measurement of these values. Is it, say, the angle of the sun at 11:00am and 1:00 pm? Calculating solar gains by hand is a laborious, imperfect process. 0000012239 00000 n The higher the VT, the higher the This is also hugely effective. Also for example, if I am to have brunch/lunch during daytime, where do I put dining table? (14) Exploit sustainable solar heating to lower the buildings heat load, utility bills, and supplementary space heating systems. /Metadata 9 0 R The lowest numbers are about double the highest. (15) Consider less costly minisplit heat pumps or even simpler resistance or radiant heating in energy-efficient high performance homes, which have a much lower heating load. The data on solar heat gains is summarized in Figure 2, below. I'm less familiar with these lighting issues, so hope someone else can chime in. 0000046898 00000 n The window area is 400 sq ft and the secret is low mass. 0000010938 00000 n (13) Design roof overhangs, patio or deck coverings, and landscaping to preserve unobstructed sunshine in winter, and shade west- and east-facing windows during summer months. high SHGC options [4] Though the shading coefficient is still mentioned in manufacturer product literature and some industry computer software,[6] it is no longer mentioned as an option in industry-specific texts[2] or model building codes. (9) Design for the local climate, considering winter temperatures (heating degree days and winter design temperatures), cloudiness (or average percent of available sunlight in January), and costs of electricity (or fuel for heating). 0000019232 00000 n Higher SGHC=0.7 could be used on south-facing glazing to increase solar gains, but still get decent heat loss performance (e.g., Cardinal LoE-180 glass with SHGC=.69, U=26). 0000055784 00000 n In the context of passive solar building design, the aim of the designer is normally to maximize solar gain within the building in the winter (to reduce space heating demand), and to control it in summer (to minimize cooling requirements). Will Vinyl Replacement Windows Stop Condensation? Unlike the upstairs, the first floor has a tiled, concrete floor (with large amounts of thermal mass) to absorb heat to radiate later, stabilizing interior temperature fluctuations. K{0VBAt[)#vx_iNhR qD4;-u'6RW ]`\OEh5V9` MRN&G4dYd*=/?1c,C\M@RU2 L/HkY2(*bRX'eQ9/[Z" g,j1Mu(n|u -L$y(T*gR*x!~Uf* 5xPxU)gxF#\$@aX%IXV:RJ9 (C*[!/SUH;_) "~SQgbbL5*8GN%H*J_mI,sQ~d2L,#66H{k ^%Kd}%\XwME\)|MLVRu*{EoRAFxg";k*CNd oR6l1?]14} 5 {{h@LX!izyR<42:+p`XKml6s0 lwMn:%e7;L1sGw66Pp&X lXv[3;gk9`w` lL)Cg4xo` =[3lhb$qrCcUT?iFgqH10L9e:Q` 8 Engineering; Chemical Engineering; Chemical Engineering questions and answers; 400 TABLE 15 SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU ORDINARY GLASS (Contd) Btu/(hr) (sq ft sash area) 400 East 110 102 47 90 40 NORTH LATITUDE . endobj Other cities in the list across the Midwest and northern central U.S. get about half the net solar heat gain of Denver. If glare is an issue, you could manage lighting levels with sheer curtains or partially drawn "buttom up, top down" cellular shades. Column 8 shows (with red negative numbers) the average January daily heat loss per square foot of glass (assuming glazing is rated R-5 or U=0.2, with window coverings adding some insulation during nighttime hours to attain U=0.15). 0000029557 00000 n 0000055475 00000 n Daylighting and heat gain are desirable especially in cold winter-heating-dominated climates of the northern U.S. Incredibly, south-facing windows gain about fifteen times as much light and solar heat gain as north-facing windows in December and in January. Solar gain compared to Denver, the city with the highest solar heat gain in the list. 0000024129 00000 n From what I've read, slab depth beyond 4" thick doesn't get you much additional heat storage or dampening of temperature fluctuations in direct gain passive solar designs. "oRD"wB=k:p!TcSm]L Map. 0000009233 00000 n The thermal mass also will radiate stored heat when the sun isn't shining to keep interior temperatures from getting too cool.) SHGC can either be estimated through simulation models or measured by recording the total heat flow through a window with a calorimeter chamber. But overall, if values are changed to reflect other information sources, a similar overall pattern will emerge, unlikely changing any of the main conclusions of this modeling effort. 0000020026 00000 n 0000060426 00000 n 0000023071 00000 n 0000008921 00000 n 0000009077 00000 n We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website. 0000048108 00000 n the street side of the street-level story does not exceed 20 ft . (My apologies if these assumptions are printed and I overlooked them.). In contrast, the east, west, and north-facing windows lose more heat (column 8) than they gain in January (columns 4 or 5), except in Denver. 0000057599 00000 n CCPA | 0000040500 00000 n At the bottom of the table, the yearly gains are totaled for south-, north-, east-, and west-facing windows. is thus the portion of absorbed and re-emitted energy across all assembly components beyond just the glass. Solar gain is most frequently addressed in the design and selection of windows and doors. 1996 Ashrae Handbook Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems and Equipment: Inch-Pound Edition (Hardcover), ISBN-10: 1883413346 or ISBN-13: 978-1883413347 , Principles of Heating, Ventilating, And Air Conditioning: A textbook with Design Data Based on 2005 AShrae Handbook - Fundamentals (Hardcover), Harry J., Jr. Sauer (Author), Ronald H. Howell, ISBN-10: 1931862923 or ISBN-13: 978-1931862929, 1993 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals (Hardcover), ISBN-10: 0910110964 or ISBN-13: 978-0910110969, Colloidal Materials, Inc., PO Box 696, Andover MA 01810, Pennwalt Corp., King of Prussia, PA 19406, The Passive Solar Design and Construction Handbook, Steven Winter Associates (Author), Michael J. Crosbie (Editor), Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-047118382 or 0471183083, www.energysavers.gov/your_home/water_heating/index.cfm/mytopic=12850 is the base U.S. DOE website for these articles, Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the.