ct sinus landmark protocol

Image-guided surgery influences perioperative morbidity from endoscopic sinus surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Discuss the fees associated with your prescribed procedure with your doctor, the medical facility staff and/or your insurance provider to get a better understanding of the possible charges you will incur. Laryngoscope. 2006 Apr;116(4):564-72. Although air-fluid levels and complete opacification of a sinus are more specific for sinusitis, they are only seen in 60 percent of cases. 2016;126(1):51-59. q The radiation dose for this procedure varies. Acute Stroke - Brain. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us"}, Macori F, Yap J, Murphy A, et al. Although mucosal thickening is seen in more than 90 percent of sinusitis cases, it is very nonspecific.68 Air-fluid levels and complete opacification are more specific for sinusitis but are seen in only 60 percent of sinusitis cases.6 Interpretation of plain radiographs can vary widely among different observers, and there is a high rate of false-negative results.2,9, Radiographs of the sinuses in infants aged three years or younger are not useful because of false opacification from undeveloped sinuses.10 Other important limitations of plain radiographs include poor visualization of ethmoid air spaces and difficulty differentiating between infection, tumor, and polyp in an opacified sinus.2, Because clinical judgment is sufficient to diagnose sinusitis in a majority of cases, and empiric treatments are inexpensive and safe, only a small percentage of patients who develop recurrent or complicated sinusitis are candidates for imaging studies. Mucoceles are usually round hypodense lesions in CT scan commonly associated with sinus wall expansion and erosion (8, 16,18) . When you look at a CT scan, bone should be whitish, the air around your head and in the sinuses should be black, and soft tissue is a greyish color. Endoscopic sinus surgery with and without computer assisted navigation: A retrospective study. xQ_GMBfhf=9uv:'n-bL'7>|_>%QQw? Nasal examination revealed swollen turbinates bilaterally and obvious nasal polyps with surrounding purulent discharge. Balloon sinus surgery performed in-office with the Nuvent EM Sinus Dilation System is a minimally invasive procedure to open and drain blocked sinuses. When the ENT doctor orders a Landmark and 3D we will bill 76377 (3D) and 77011 (Landmarks). After the ostiomeatal complex is accessed through the nostril with a rigid endoscope, the ostia and recesses are targeted, depending on the location and pattern of disease. Otolarnygology. GE VCT Protocols. 2. A diagnosis via CT scan may eliminate the need for exploratory surgery and surgical biopsy. Leave jewelry at home and wear loose, comfortable clothing. sinus CT scans are, therefore, considered to be of minimal . `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@sb++ Copyright 2002 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. The costs for specific medical imaging tests, treatments and procedures may vary by geographic region. This places markers on the outside of the head to help surgeons accurately orient images to the patient. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ The CT scanner is typically a large, donut-shaped machine with a short tunnel in the center. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ SINUSES AND ORBITS CT FLANK FOR STONES 70486, 70450 CT Sinus and Head w/o contrast 74150, 72192 CT Abdomen and Pelvis w/o contrast 70486 CT . Follow-up exams are often the best way to see if treatment is working or if a problem needs attention. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. Copyright 2023 American Academy of Family Physicians. Although the standards discussed herein reflect the University of Iowa's head and neck protocols, reliance on any information provided herein is solely at your own risk. Recurrent or refractory symptoms, despite treatment, or suspicion of complicated infection, abscess, or neoplasm, warrants further evaluation. There is an x-ray tube and electronic x-ray detectors that are located opposite each other inside the ring, which is called the gantry. CT of the brain with Lorenz protocol. Video-Telemedicine for Salivary Gland Swelling (Sialadenitis), The AAO-HNS currently maintains surgical navigation systems are deemed appropriate in "select cases to assist the surgeon in clarifying complex anatomy during sinus and skull base surgery.". `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ The purpose of this review is to illustrate important anatomic variants and landmarks on the preoperative sinus CT with a focus on those that predispose patients to surgical complications. You may need to change into a gown for the procedure. Medtronic offers more than 5,000 products and instruments for ENT specialists. 150 to 400 HU). Some imaging tests and treatments have special pediatric considerations. CT with fusion is a radiological technique used to enhance the images. Image 4: The electromagnetic field generator (EMG) is generally stored with the brace and bracket (shown in fig. It is used occasionally in cases of suspected tumors or fungal sinusitis.1719 Otherwise, MRI has no advantages over CT scanning in the evaluation of sinusitis. endstream 200 Hawkins Drive `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ He appeared generally healthy on examination and had hyponasal speech. CT images of internal organs, bones, soft tissue, and blood vessels provide greater detail than traditional x-rays. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ <> stream A prospective, randomized clinical study. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ A person who is very large may not fit into the opening of a conventional CT scanner. The aim of FESS is to preserve mucosa while restoring drainage and ventilation of the sinuses. An advanced navigation protocol for endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. CT scanning is painless, noninvasive and accurate. Women will need to remove bras containing metal underwire. Surgeon and OR staff ensure the appropriate equipment are available and present in or near the OR room prior to transport of the patient to the OR. Please contact your physician with specific medical questions or for a referral to a radiologist or other physician. CT scanning is painless, noninvasive and accurate. A CT scan may help detect sinusitis, evaluate sinuses filled with thickened sinus membranes, give additional information on tumors of the nasal cavity, diagnose inflammatory disorders, and plan for surgery by defining anatomy (12). 50, and 75% sinus-length landmark slices, as shown in Fig. 2019; 46(4): 520-525. Total amount of contrast. To avoid unnecessary delays, contact your doctor well before the date of your exam. Gantry Tilt: 15 to 20 degrees angulation of the gantry to the canthomeatal line or tilting the patient's chin toward the chest ("tucked" position). Tell your doctor about all medications you are taking and if you have any allergies. Any of these conditions may increase the risk of an adverse effect. Image-Guided Surgery Products The preferred initial procedure is a coronal CT image (13). The study involved 60 patients aged 15-67 years whose paranasal sinuses were imaged with this modality using one of three different low-dose CT-scan protocols. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cannot define bony anatomy as well as CT. MRI is only used to differentiate soft-tissue structures, such as in cases of suspected fungal infection or neoplasm. This is accomplished through: Benefits of image-guided navigated surgery include improvements in visualization, enabling surgeons to work within complex sinus anatomy and optimize surgical strategies for their patients.5-9. Keep in mind that the images provided are based on the anatomy at the time of CT scan and the surgical anatomy may have changed prior to the start of the procedure (resolution/progression of infection, change in size of masses, etc). 2017;50(3):617-632. Next, the table will move quickly through the scanner to determine the correct starting position for the scans. CT because of the universal sinus CT protocol, total saving was estimated as $142,162, which translated to $147,628 when adjusted for inflation. Jewelry and ct sinus protocol without being aware of the normal. You may feel a need to urinate. Patient Position: Supine. <> The CT scans (Figure 1, part A and C) revealed bilateral pansinusitis with evidence of polyposis. Who interprets the results and how do I get them? o Process images with bone algorithm. STEALTH PROTOCOL REQUEST. All Rights Reserved. You may feel warm or flushed as the contrast is injected. Start Location: 1 cm inferior to Skull base. If you have a known allergy to contrast material, your doctor may prescribe medications to reduce the risk of an allergic reaction. Allergy induction protocol used to induce allergic rhinosinusitis in guinea pigs with intranasal (i.n.) 2012;126(12):1224-1230. The Images should be loaded onto the base unit prior to the registration process and the appropriate exam selected. Siemens Definition AS 20 Protocols. The technologist or nurse, under the direction of a physician, may offer you some medication to help you tolerate the CT scanning procedure. Image 1: AxiEM System powerbox with cords for connecting to the base unit. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ Uncomplicated cases of sinusitis are most often treated empirically based on findings from the history and physical examination. Protocol specifics will vary depending on CT scanner type, specific hardware and software, radiologist and perhaps referrer preference, and patient factors, e.g. With pediatric patients, a parent may be allowed in the room but may need to wear a lead apron to minimize radiation exposure. After watching this. Appears as to quickly inspect a high quality. Please type your comment or suggestion into the text box below. . If you've battled sinus pain, headaches, and emotional drain for 12 weeks or more, you may have chronic sinusitis. Depending on the type of CT scan, the machine may make several passes. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the sinus is an imaging test that uses x-rays to make detailed pictures of the air-filled spaces inside the face (sinuses). This exam does not commonly require contrast material; however, in some situations your doctor may request that contrast material be given. Disadvantages of MRI include high false-positive findings, poor bony imaging, and higher cost. Evaluation of a navigation system for ENT with surgical efficiency criteria. He has a history of bilateral nasal obstruction and facial pressure pain over a number of years. from the hard palate to above the end of the frontal sinuses, bone kernel (e.g. The CT paranasal sinus protocol serves as an examination for the assessment of the study of the mucosa and bone system of the sinonasal cavities. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ <> stream This study should be downloaded from the server or onto a CD to be taken to the OR. Q A major advantage of CT is its ability to image bone, soft tissue, and blood vessels all at the same time. A CT scan of the face produces images that also show a patient's paranasal sinus cavities. /Length 40>> stream Contrast agents may be injected before scanning Contiguous, non-overlapping slices Constant slice thickness Axial slices Image-guided surgery has become an industry standard for many endoscopic sinus surgeries. question. necessary to evaluate the sinuses on CT. Figure 3A, 3B shows the CT appearance after FESS. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 133:10, 1047-1052, 2013, Stelter K, et al, Evaluation of an image-guided navigation system in the training of functional endoscopic sinus surgeons. Surgical Navigation at UIHC is currently achieved with Medtronic Fusion IGS (Image Guided Surgery) system. NB: This article aims to frame a general concept of a CT protocol for the assessment of the paranasal sinuses. Such speed is beneficial for all patients. Practice Essentials. The optical capability refers to the infrared light based camera that monitors reflections from the spheres placed on the surgical instrumentation. 70481- CT Orbits with contrast 3. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ H"BB^{NMMedC=q?oz-R. These lines help ensure that you are in the correct position on the exam table. After a CT exam, the technologist will remove your intravenous line. What are some common uses of the procedure? NB: This article aims to frame a general concept of a CT protocol for the assessment of the paranasal sinuses. Keep reading to know what we look for in a CT scan of the sinuses. Robin Smithuis. Attachment of ct sinus, ct scans in the radiologist in both before. He recently developed intermittent left-sided epistaxis. End Location: 1 cm superior to Skull vertex. o Coronal scans from anterior maxilla to sella. Being the most widely accepted theory, it states that the weakest part of the tympanic membrane (TM), i.e., pars flaccida, retracts because of the negative pressure in the middle ear cavity caused by long-standing eustachian tube dysfunction. Different body parts absorb x-rays in different amounts. It's also the most reliable imaging technique for determining if the sinuses are obstructed and the best imaging modality for sinusitis. The patient was started on a four-week course of broad-spectrum antibiotics in combination with an oral steroid pulse. 70482- CT Orbits with and without contrast 4. Angle NO gantr y angle Mert A, et al. Because of the progression of his headaches, a maxillofacial and head CT scan was obtained, revealing acute sinusitis with frontal epidural abscess (Figure 2). Rhinology 49: 429-437, 2011. Doctors do not generally recommend CT scanning for pregnant women unless medically necessary because of potential risk to the unborn baby. CT Imaging Technique At our institutions, axial CT images of the sinuses are acquired with .625-mm collima - tion. A special electronic image recording plate captures the image. Up to 40 percent of asymptomatic adults have abnormalities on sinus CT scans, as do more than 80 percent of those with minor upper respiratory tract infections.14. Figure 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D shows the steps of the FESS technique. These medications must be taken 12 hours prior to your exam. The IGS serves as a useful tool in assisting with difficult areas, but the system itself is inherent to built in and user error. Continues to cat scan sinus ct protocol was already in an enhancing mass, which offers better soft tissue windows. 2013;3(3):236-241. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ It may also see if there has been any change in an issue over time. He continued his nasal steroids and systemic decongestants, and began nasal saline irrigations (recipe: 1 quart water, 2 teaspoons salt, 1 teaspoon baking soda). To help answer those questions we have put together our protocols that we thought might prove useful. KOLAWOLE S. OKUYEMI, M.D., M.P.H., AND TERANCE T. TSUE, M.D. CT is beneficial in studying chronic disease of the paranasal sinuses, not least to assess whether it has spread to surrounding structures. % He had a slight right cheek swelling visible externally. The technologist may ask you to hold your breath during the scanning. This difference allows the doctor to distinguish body parts from one another on an x-ray or CT image. It's also the most reliable imaging technique for . 2014;82(6 Suppl):S95-105. Scanning and registration protocols that enable accuracy StealthMerge ENT software that fuses different imaging modalities (CT, MRI) together for improved visualization Instruments that are designed and calibrated for use in image-guided surgery Benefits of image-guided surgery for ENT procedures If you have a known allergy to contrast material, your doctor may prescribe medications (usually a steroid) to reduce the risk of an allergic reaction. . Wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothing to your exam. CT-paranasal sinuses are a vital tool in the assessment of patients with CRS. Ramakrishnan VR, et al. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the sinus is an imaging test that uses x-rays to make detailed pictures of the air-filled spaces inside the face (sinuses). Computed tomography, more commonly known as a CT or CAT scan, is a diagnostic medical imaging test. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ Nonetheless, mucocele may have a similar appearance to other benign . J Craniomaxillofac Surg. The radiologist will send an official report to the doctor who ordered the exam. Vreugdenburg TD, et al. endstream Weight > 90kg : 150cc. Then, the table will move slowly through the machine for the actual CT scan. 2013; 149(1):17-29. After a prolonged course of antibiotics, serial CT scans revealed resolution of the frontal abscess and sinusitis. We hope you find this useful and would appreciate any comments or suggestions that you might have. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ The Department of Otolaryngology and the University of Iowa wish to acknowledge the support of those who share our goal in improving the care of patients we serve. Nasal endoscopy revealed bilateral profuse mucus that required suctioning. Image-guided sinus surgery: practical and financial experiences from a UK centre 2001-2009. His ears were clear by otoscopy, and his nasal examination revealed a right-sided septal deviation. 6 0 obj 2015;5(8):761-763, Bernardeschi D, et al. Sinuses - Landmark Protocol Indications o Pre-surgical planning Sequences Galletti, et al. He appeared healthy on examination and had hyponasal speech. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ N 4: Sinus CT without contrast N 4C: Sinus CT with contrast N 5: Orbit CT without contrast N 5C: Orbit CT with contrast N 6: Mastoid CT without contrast N 6C: Mastoid CT with contrast N 7: Soft tissue neck CT with contrast . The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were examined independently in a blinded fashion by four staff neuroradiologists and a staff otolaryngologist with special attention to 10 anatomic landmarks within the ostiomeatal unit that are considered important for preoperative planning. Recognition and utilization of surgical landmarks is imperative for the surgeon. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) affords radiologists the opportunity to prospectively identify anatomic variants that predispose patients to major surgical complications; however, these critical variants are not consistently evaluated or documented on preoperative imaging reports. He had left maxillary and frontal tenderness to palpation on examination. Learn how we can help 5.8k views Reviewed >2 years ago Thank Dr. Mazen Ghani agrees 4 thanks Return toParanasal Sinus Surgery Protocols. Alternatively, 4% cocaine (no more than 4 ml) may be used for pre-surgical vasoconstriction and to assist with hemostasis. 70486- CT Maxillofacial without contrast University of Iowa His nasal symptoms improved after he started taking decongestants and antibiotics, but a persistent headache prompted a visit back to his family physician. In many protocols a standard dose is given related to the weight of the patient: Weight < 75kg : 100cc. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ The risk of serious allergic reaction to contrast materials that contain iodine is extremely rare, and radiology departments are well-equipped to deal with them. <> 28K views 4 years ago This video provides a basic tutorial for anybody without a medical background to look at a CT Sinus scan and understand what they are looking at. Radiology department of the Rijnland Hospital in Leiderdorp, the Netherlands. You also may have a metallic taste in your mouth. Also tell your doctor about any recent illnesses or other medical conditions and whether you have a history of heart disease, asthma, diabetes, kidney disease, or thyroid problems. inbqo@O[nF{su:t(//A (hA222=h)D'@/w8}{aaaEB[xxeqJyg-w3h7 . This content is owned by the AAFP. Stereotactic anatomical localization in complex sinus surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Deviated Septum The nasal septum has cartilage and bone that divide your nose's nasal cavity in two. Interpreting findings seen at CT of the neck is challenging owing to the complex and nuanced anatomy of the neck, which contains multiple organ systems in a relatively small area. If you suffer from chronic sinusitis, hearing loss, or ear infections, your ENT may order a CT scan of the sinuses or temporal bones to visualize the area and obtain the information necessary to create a comprehensive and effective treatment plan. The anatomy will certainly change with the progression of the procedure. A sinus ct looks at the bone and soft tissue of the several facial sinus cavities. Localising olfactory pathology can present a challenge to the reporting radiologist. Because children are more sensitive to radiation, they should have a CT exam only if it is essential for making a diagnosis. CT exams are generally painless, fast, and easy. Some CT exams will require you to remove hearing aids and removable dental work. The computer workstation that processes the imaging information is in a separate control room. A total of 31 children and 84 adults were included in the analysis. These measure the amount of radiation being absorbed throughout your body. It is the best imaging modality for sinusitis. `l\/ c+f>@@@@@V &x&p'@@@@@MlP_TEc+ kr>R8 N+[LW{ The patient is a 45-year-old healthy white man with longstanding right-sided nasal obstruction associated with postnasal discharge and cheek pressure. How the Test is Performed. You may lie on your back, or you may lie face-down with your chin raised. Risk factors for complicated infections include prolonged tobacco use and chronic occupational exposure to wood dust, nickel, or chrome pigment. /G3 gs Brain (CTA) Brain (helical adult) CTA Carotid and Brain. Update my browser now. 256 Slice CT - Updated 01-25-2022 Sinus: R/O Mass. To locate a medical imaging or radiation oncology provider in your community, you can search the ACR-accredited facilities database. Findings on CT scan should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical and endoscopic findings because of high rates of false-positive findings. Usually done without contrast. CT Protocols BRAIN WITHOUT CONTRAST Purpose: Evaluation of subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, stroke, bleed, headaches, initial workup of acute or changing dementia, mental status changes, fractures, trauma, shunt malfunction, new onset of seizures (particularly in adults) hydrocephalus. The University of Iowa does not recommend or endorse any specific tests, physicians, products, procedures, opinions, or other information that may be mentioned on this web site. For children, the radiologist will adjust the CT scanner technique to their size and the area of interest to reduce the radiation dose. Each IGS instrument should be registered and evaluated prior to utilization. It does not imply the use of a contrast agent. The CT images and direct views from the endoscope are visualized throughout the procedure. Face/Sinus. There are four pairs of sinuses, each connected to the nasal cavity by small openings. For a CT scan of the sinuses, the patient is most commonly positioned lying flat on the back. The contrast material will be injected through this line. CT Protocols Frequently used policies (MCN links) Creatinine Testing Prior to Injecting Intravenous Iodinated Contrast Media Iodinated Contrast Administration in Patients Receiving Metformin Management of Acute Contrast Reactions IV Contrast Extravasation Patient Sedation Guidelines for Periprocedural Coagulation Management Post Mortem CT Stealth 7 (S7): Utilized in the main OR at UIHC. Auris Nasus Larynx. CT imaging is sometimes compared to looking into a loaf of bread by cutting the loaf into thin slices. Ent and is a sinus medtronic protocol to successfully apply this without contrast. Our CT scanner uses cone beam technology to focus just on the sinuses. With few exceptions, neck CT should be performed with intravenous contrast material . Intra-Operative Use of Computer Aided Surgery, Sinus Surgery and Transnasal Skull Base Surgery, Otology, Neurotology, and Lateral Skull Base Surgery, Electromagnetic Compatibility for Cardiac Devices, California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, Information About Proposition 65 for California Customers, Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) Notification, Distorted sinus anatomy of development, postoperative, or traumatic origin, Pathology involving the frontal, posterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, Disease abutting the skull base, orbit, optic nerve, or carotid artery, Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea or conditions where there is a skull base defect, Benign and malignant sino-nasal neoplasms, Scanning and registration protocols that enable accuracy, StealthMerge ENT software that fuses different imaging modalities (CT, MRI) togetherfor improved visualization, Instruments that are designed and calibrated for use in image-guided surgery. /X4 Do 256 Slice CT - Updated 01-25-2022 Sinus: Medtronic Sinus. The University of Iowa appreciates that supporting benefactors recognize the University of Iowa's need for autonomy in the development of the content of the Iowa Head and Neck Protocols. CT scans in children should always be done with low-dose technique. This loss of image quality can resemble the blurring seen on a photograph taken of a moving object. IV contrast manufacturers indicate mothers should not breastfeed their babies for 24-48 hours after contrast material is given. Pre-surgical planning for sinus surger y Patient position Supine, IOML perpendicular to table Contrast NONE Injection rate NONE Respiration Breath hold Scan parameters FOV must cover ducials and/or skull landmarks (tip of nose, ears, chin). The CT scanner is a large doughnut-shaped machine. Next-Generation Surgical Navigation Systems in Sinus and Skull Base Surgery. He was started on intravenous antibiotics and underwent external frontal sinusotomy to decompress the adjacent infected frontal sinus. Prostate Specific Protocol *Schedule at Bremerton Prostate Coil only MRI Shoulder with and without IV Contrast 73223 Inflammation, Infection, Osteomyelitis, . Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 04 Mar 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-92692, see full revision history and disclosures, shoulder (modified transthoracic supine lateral), acromioclavicular joint (AP weight-bearing view), sternoclavicular joint (anterior oblique views), sternoclavicular joint (serendipity view), foot (weight-bearing medial oblique view), paranasal sinus and facial bone radiography, paranasal sinuses and facial bones (lateral view), transoral parietocanthal view (open mouth Waters view), temporomandibular joint (axiolateral oblique view), cervical spine (flexion and extension views), lumbar spine (flexion and extension views), systematic radiographic technical evaluation (mnemonic), foreign body ingestion series (pediatric), foreign body inhalation series (pediatric), pediatric chest (horizontal beam lateral view), neonatal abdominal radiograph (supine view), pediatric abdomen (lateral decubitus view), pediatric abdomen (supine cross-table lateral view), pediatric abdomen (prone cross-table lateral view), pediatric elbow (horizontal beam AP view), pediatric elbow (horizontal beam lateral view), pediatric forearm (horizontal beam lateral view), pediatric hip (abduction-internal rotation view), iodinated contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis, saline flush during contrast administration, CT angiography of the cerebral arteries (protocol), CT angiography of the circle of Willis (protocol), cardiac CT (prospective high-pitch acquisition), CT transcatheter aortic valve implantation planning (protocol), CT colonography reporting and data system, CT kidneys, ureters and bladder (protocol), CT angiography of the splanchnic vessels (protocol), esophageal/gastro-esophageal junction protocol, absent umbilical arterial end diastolic flow, reversal of umbilical arterial end diastolic flow, monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy, benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound, differential diagnosis of dilated ducts on breast imaging, musculoskeletal manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis, sonographic features of malignant lymph nodes, ultrasound classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip, ultrasound appearances of liver metastases, generalized increase in hepatic echogenicity, dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, ultrasound-guided biopsy of a peripheral soft tissue mass, ultrasound-guided intravenous cannulation, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SBRT or SABR), sealed source radiation therapy (brachytherapy), selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT), preoperative pulmonary nodule localization, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), transhepatic biliary drainage - percutaneous, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), percutaneous nephrostomy salvage and tube exchange, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), long head of biceps tendon sheath injection, rotator cuff calcific tendinitis barbotage, subacromial (subdeltoid) bursal injection, spinal interventional procedures (general), transforaminal epidural steroid injection, intravenous cannulation (ultrasound-guided), inferomedial superolateral oblique projection, breast ultrasound features: benign vs malignant, 1.